Solid wood floors are a good flooring option, made from a single piece of wood without additional binder. While it is often considered a natural and durable option, the health risks primarily arise from the use of finishes (topcoats) that can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, contributing to poor indoor air quality and respiratory issues. You can purchase hardwood flooring that is already finished. It has been sanded and stained at the manufacturing facility. This cuts down on the work required at your home as well as VOC’s exposure.

Engineered parquet floors consist of a top layer of real hardwood veneer glued onto a core of plywood or other wood-based material. The advantage of engineered parquet flooring is that it comes pre-finished, which makes it less time-consuming to install, and also that it is quite durable, as it can be sanded and repainted at least once. An important aspect to consider is that glues and wood composites may contain formaldehyde. Therefore, when choosing this type of flooring, it is necessary to pay attention to the emission class.

Cork flooring is a unique solution as it is mould and moisture resistant, naturally fire retardant, dust free, warm and cushioning. It is a natural product made from the bark of the cork oak tree, and because it is harvested without harming the wood, it is renewable.

However, the composition of cork floors can vary greatly and may contain harmful binders. Be aware that some cork floors may contain a PVC (vinyl) layer or a decorative layer containing PVC or similar material. Avoid such products. Be cautious that some cork floors may have additional layers for soundproofing, which may raise additional concerns. Give preference to products that are pre-finished at the factory and do not require additional finishing on site.

Ceramic and glass tiles, popular for their durability, safety and aesthetic appeal, are ideal for high humidity areas such as bathrooms and kitchens. Be aware of buying tiles made and certified in the EU to avoid lead glaze.

Natural linoleum is valued for its eco-friendliness and sustainability and doesn't contain any toxic substances. It is mainly made from renewable materials such as linseed oil, cork dust, wood flour and jute. Natural linoleum can be recycled.

Be aware that some linoleum floors may have additional layers for soundproofing, which may raise additional concerns.

It is also important to note that linoleum made from PVC is also available on the market. This type of flooring is made from polyvinyl chloride, a synthetic material derived from petroleum. Once installed, it can release volatile organic compounds and is not biodegradable. PVC linoleum also contains additives (such as phthalates and flame retardants) that can be harmful to health and the environment.

Despite its variety of colours and textures, cheapness and ease of installation, vinyl is probably the worst flooring option in terms of health, sustainability and production.

Firstly, it is a non-renewable petroleum-based material.
Some vinyl flooring can contain harmful chemicals, such as the well-known phthalates, which can be released from building materials for years after installation. The effects of phthalates on the human body have been linked to hormone disruption.

Because PVC is not biodegradable, most of it ends up in landfill or is incinerated at the end of its useful life.
Recycling schemes that recycle vinyl flooring and then use the recycled material to make new flooring are now gaining popularity. However, extreme caution must be exercised as the incorporation of recycled vinyl into new products is a major pathway for hazardous substances. Post-consumer recycled vinyl can contain hazardous lead, arsenic, PCBs and plasticisers. That’s why when choosing vinyl flooring that contains recycled materials, great precaution should be taken. Check with the manufacturer for the type and source of recycled content.