UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE
Upholstered furniture is typically made with wooden or metal frames, synthetic or natural foam cushions, and fabric coverings. Many conventional upholstered pieces contain flame retardants, PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), and phthalates, which can contribute to indoor air pollution and pose health risks, including endocrine disruption and respiratory issues. Composite wood used in furniture frames can also release VOCs such as formaldehyde. Choosing responsibly sourced materials and non-toxic treatments helps create a safer indoor environment.
Priority of choice
Best choice
Good alternatives
Less recommended / Better to avoid
- Upholstered furniture made from solid wood frames (preferably FSC-certified) and natural latex or low-VOC foam,
- Fabrics certified by eco-certifications,
- Furniture labeled as flame-retardant-free and PFAS-free.
- Furniture with plywood or high-recycled-content metal frames,
- Fabric coverings made from organic cotton, hemp, or untreated wool.
- Upholstered furniture with composite wood frames (particleboard or MDF):
- Foam cushions made from conventional polyurethane,
- Fabric treated with stain-resistant coatings containing PFAS.
Tips for healthier choice
- Look for flame-retardant-free furniture. Many upholstered pieces contain toxic flame retardants that off-gas over time, leading to potential hormone disruption and respiratory problems.
- Avoid stain- and water-repellent treatments. Many of these treatments contain PFAS, which can impact indoor air quality and pose reproductive and developmental health risks.
- Make sure that wooden furniture frames are low or zero in VOCs. Choose solid wood frames over composite wood. Plywood, particleboard, and MDF often contain adhesives that emit VOCs and formaldehyde.
- Opt for FSC-certified wood or recycled metal frames.
- Select cushions made from natural latex or low-VOC certified foam.
- Ventilate new furniture before use. Even low-emission products may release some chemicals initially.
Certifications to look for
